Document Type
Article
Publication Date
11-6-2017
Description
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are recognized by different cellular pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which are expressed on cell membrane or in the cytoplasm of cells of the innate immune system. Nucleic acids derived from pathogens or from certain cellular conditions represent a large category of PAMPs/DAMPs that trigger production of type I interferons (IFN-I) in addition to pro-inflammatory cytokines, by specifically binding to intracellular Toll-like receptors or cytosolic receptors. These cytosolic receptors, which are not related to TLRs and we call them "Toll-free" receptors, include the RNA-sensing RIG-I like receptors (RLRs), the DNA-sensing HIN200 family, and cGAS, amongst others. Viruses have evolved myriad strategies to evoke both host cellular and viral factors to evade IFN-I-mediated innate immune responses, to facilitate their infection, replication, and establishment of latency. This review outlines these "Toll-free" innate immune pathways and recent updates on their regulation, with focus on cellular and viral factors with enzyme activities.
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Citation Information
Wang, Ling; and Ning, Shunbin. 2017. "Toll-Free" Pathways for Production of Type I Interferons. AIMS Allergy and Immunolog. Vol.1(3). 143-163. https://doi.org/10.3934/Allergy.2017.3.143 ISSN: 2575-615X
Copyright Statement
© 2017, Shunbin Ning, et al., licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licese (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)